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Friday, 1 October 2010

The Big One: Zeus Operation Trident BreACH

Posted on 10:52 by Unknown
The FBI's Cyber Division has just concluded a press conference where they announced the culmination of Operation Trident BreACH. Finally we can tell "the rest of the story" of the Zeus arrests that began in the UK earlier this week and were followed by Operation ACHing Mule in New York yesterday.

This operation began in Omaha Nebraska in May of 2009 when FBI agents were alerted that 46 separate bank accounts had received ACH payments that seemed to be tied to malware. Unveiled in this press release publicly for the first time is the fact that this particular Zeus group had attempted to ACH transfer $220 Million, and actually got away with $70 million!

On September 30th, the Ukrainian Security Service, the SBU, had fifty SBU officers as well as members of their elite tactical operations team hit eight locations looking for the leadership of this international financial cybercrime ring. They were able to arrest five of the ringleaders, who are now being questioned.

This operation included the FBI's Omaha Cyber Crime Task Force, New York Money Mule Working Group, and Newark Cyber Crime Task Force, the Netherlands Policy Agency, the Ukrainian SBU, the Netherlands Police Agency's National High-Tech Crime Unit, and the United Kingdom's Metropolitan Police Service.

Pim Takkenberg, team leader of the Netherlands National High-Tech Crime Unit was quoted as saying their "involvement in this international operation is representative of the commitment that the KLPD and the National Prosecutor's Office have made to the fight against cyber crime in addition to the need for worldwide cooperation among all partners."

Well said, Pim!

Hopefully even more details about these arrests will be revealed in the near future.
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FBI's Operation ACHing Mule

Posted on 06:57 by Unknown
While visiting a Russian news site working on getting proper Cyrillic spellings for the Zeus criminals, I saw the first time the name of the FBI Operation. "Operation ACHing Mule" -- Love it!

ACHing of course has the double meaning -- these mules are in pain (aching) -- but also that these mules are performing "Automated Clearing House" bank transfers between victim bank accounts and their "mule" bank accounts.

Here is how "webplanet.ru" spelled them in their story. I've inserted the English next to each name:

"Citizens of Russia"

Артём Цыганков (Artem Tsygankov *), Софья Дикова (Sofya Dikova *), Максим Панферов (Maxim Panferov *), Кристина Извекова (Kristina Izvekova *), Артём Семёнов (Artem Semenov *), Альмира Рахматулина (Almira Rakhmatulina *), Юлия Шпирко (Julia Shpirko *), Максим Мирошниченко (Maxim Miroshnichenko), Юлия Сидоренко (Julia Sidorenko), Кристина Свечинская (Kristina Svechinskaya), Станислав Расторгуев (Stanislav Rastorguev *), Маргарита Пахомова (Margarita Pakhomova), Илья Карасёв (Ilya Karasev *), Марина Мисюра (Marina Misyura), Николай Гарифулин (Nikolai Garifulin *), Дмитрий Сапрунов (Dmitry Saprunov *), Касум Адыгюзелов (Kasum Adigyuzelov), Сабина Рафикова (Sabina Rafikova), Адель Гатауллин (Adel Gataullin), Руслан Ковтанюк (Ruslan Kovtanyuk), Юлия Клепикова (Yulia Klepikova *) , Наталия Дёмина (Natalia Demina), Александр Сорокин (Alexandr Sorokin), Александр Фёдоров (Alexander Fedorov) and Антон Юферицын (Anton Yuferitsyn)

"Citizens of Moldova"
Марина Опря (Marina Oprea *), Каталина Кортак (Catilina Cortac *), Йон Волосчук (Ion Volosciuc *), Лильян Адам (Lilian Adam *), Дорин Кодряну (Dorin Codreanu *), Виктория Опинка (Victoria Opinca) and Алина Турута (Alina Turuta)

"Citizenship not specified"
Александра Киреева (Alexander Kireev) and Константина Акобирова (Konstantin Akobirov)

* - SEVENTEEN of the criminals listed are still "at large" are indicated above with an asterisk. If you are in the New York, New Jersey, or Las Vegas areas and party with Russian criminals, you might have more information about them. Please see yesterday's blog post, New York FBI: 17 Wanted Zeus Criminals if you think you can help.

The Operation ACHing Mule press release (34 page PDF) lists many separate but related law enforcement cases, and the charges for each case.

In each of the cases below, the charges are given and the fines. I'm going to list the charge categories here, and then we'll show the same number after each person's name:

1 - Conspiracy to Commit Bank Fraud (up to 30 years, $1 M)
2 - Conspiracy to Possess False Identification Documents (up to 15 years, $250k)
3 - False Use of Passport (up to 10 years, $250k)
4 - Money Laundering (up to 20 years, $500k)
5 - Transfer of False Identification Documents (up to 5 years, $250k)
6 - Bank Fraud (up to 30 years, $1 M)
7 - Production of False Identification Documents (up to 15 years, $250k)
8 - Posession of False Immigration Documents (up to 10 years, $250k)
9 - False Use of Passport (up to 10 years, $250k)
10 - Conspiracy to Produce False Identification Documents (up to 15 years, $250k)
11 - Conspiracy to Commit Wire Fraud (up to 20 years, $250k)
12 - Conspiracy to Commit Money Laundering (up to 20 years, $250k)

On each charge, the fine can be replaced with "twice the gross gain or loss" of their actual crime, so for example "$250k fine or up to twice the gross gain or loss."

In reality, no one ever gets NEARLY the sentence. So for example, Anton Yuferitsyn has already been sentenced. Instead of "20 years and $500k fine" he got ten months and $38k in restitution.

United States v. Artem Tsygankov, et al. (10 Mag. 2126)


Artem Tsygankov, age 22 (charged with: 1, 2)
Sofia Dikova, age 20 (1,2)
Maxim Panferov, age 23 (1,2,3)
Kristina Izvekova, age 22 (1,2,3)

United States v. Artem Semenov, et al (10 Mag. 2154)


Artem Semenov, age 23 (1,2,3)
Almira Rakhmatulina, age 20 (1,2,3)
Julia Shpirko, age 20 (1, 2)

United States v. Maxim Miroshnichenko, et al. (10 Mag. 2141)


Maxim Miroshnichenko, age 22 (1,2)
Julia Sidorenko, age 22 (1,2,3)

United States v. Marina Oprea (10 Mag. 2142)


Marina Oprea, age 20, (1,2)
Catalina Cortac, age 21 (1,2)
Ion Volosciuc, age 19 (1,2)
Lilian Adam, age 21 (1,2)

United States v. Kristina Svechinskaya, et al. (10 Mag. 2137)


Kristina Svechinskaya, age 21 (1,3)
Stanislav Rastorguev, age 22 (1,3)

United States v. Margarita Pakhomova (10 Mag. 2136)


Margarita Pakhomova, age 21 (1,3)

United States v. Ilya Karasev (10 Mag. 2127)


Ilya Karasev, age 22 (1,2,3)

United States v. Marina Misyura (10 Mag. 2125)


Marina Misyura, age 22 (1,3)

United States v. Nikolai Garifulin, et al. (10 Mag. 2138)


Nikolai Garifulin, age 21 (1)
Dmitry Saprunov, age 22 (1,3)


United States v. Dorin Codreanu (10 Mag. 2152)


Dorin Codreanu, age 21, (1)

United States v. Victoria Opinca, et al. (10 Mag. 2153)


Victoria Opinca, age 21, (1)
Alina Turuta, age 21, (1)


United States v. Alexander Kireev (10 Mag. 1356)


Alexander Kireev, age 22, (4)

United States v. Kasum Adigyuzelov (10 Mag. 1622)


Kasum Adigyuzelov, age 25, (1,5)

United States v. Sabina Rafikova (10 Mag. 1623)


Sabina Rafikova, age 23, (6,7,8)

United States v. Konstantin Akobirov (10 Mag. 1659)


Konstantin Akobirov, age 25, (6,9)

United States v. Adel Gataullin (10 Mag. 1680)


Adel Gataullin, age 22, (6, 7, 9)

United States v. Ruslan Kovtanyuk (10 Mag. 1827)


Ruslan Kovtanyuk, age 24, (6, 9)


United States v. Yulia Klepikova, et al. (10 Mag. 1753)


Yulia Klepikova, age 22 (1, 9, 10)
Natalia Demina, age 23 (1, 9)

United States v. Alexandr Sorokin (10 Cr. 437 (RWS))


Alexandr Sorokin, age 23 (4)

Plead guilty on June 16, 2010 (sentencing Oct 4, 2010)

United States v. Alexander Fedorov (10 Cr. 873 (KTD))


Alexander Fedorov, age 24 (4)

Plead guilty on September 27, 2010 (sentencing Jan 5, 2011)

United States v. Anton Yuferitsyn (10 Cr. 134 (JGK))


Anton Yuferitsyn, age 26 (4)

Plead guilty on Feb 19, 2010, sentenced on June 25, 2010 to ten months in prison and $38,413 in restitution.

United States v. Jamal Beyrouti et al.(10 Mag. 2134)


Jamal Beyrouti, age 53 (11, 12)
Lorenzo Babbo, age 20 (11,12)
Vincenzo Vitello, age 29 (11,12)
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Thursday, 30 September 2010

New York FBI: 17 Wanted Zeus Criminals

Posted on 13:39 by Unknown
The New York FBI needs your help. Today they announced indictments against thirty-seven cybercriminals involved with Zeus. Ten of these were arrested previously in the recent past. Ten more were arrested today. The other seventeen are "At Large".

I'll let you read for yourself the charges against the many criminals by visiting the FBI's New York Field Office announcement:

FBI New York Press Release

A wanted poster, showing the seventeen "At Large" criminals is available here:

Seventeen Zeus Criminals Wanted by FBI

If you find clues about any of these people make sure to get them to your local FBI office! (Send us a copy too! gar at cis dot uab dot edu)

Wanted: Ilya Karasev



Known aliases: Goran Dobric, Alexis Herris, Fransoise Lewenstadd, Fortune Binot, Diman Karasev

Status: J-1 Visa issued May 2008. Converted to F-1 Visa in December 2008. Terminated January 11, 2010

Actions:

April 13, 2010 - presented a Belgium passport in the name of Fransoise Lewenstadd to a TD Bank branch to open an account.

April 19, 2010 - presented a Greek passport in the name of "Alexis Herris" to open a TD Bank account.

June 2, 2010 - received $4200 stolen funds into the TD Bank Herris Account. Withdrew $4,000 from a TD Bank branch in Ocean Township, NJ.

July 1, 2010 - presented a foreign passport in the name "Fortune Binot" to open a TD Bank account in Brooklyn, New York

May 3, 2010 - "Herris" opened a Bank of America account. Received $12,300 in unauthorized wire transfer to that account.

May 20, 2010 - "Herris" withdrew $9,000 from Neptune, NJ branch. Made two debit card purchases totaling $3581.40 at a convenience store in Jersey City, NJ. (That's a lot of Doritos!!!)

Several more items are known with BOA withdraws from Little Silver, Little Eatontown, and Red Bank, New Jersey from a Bank of America "Fortune Binot" account.

There was also JP Morgan Chase activity.

Open Source Intelligence:

Facebook Profile

An Ilya Karasev, with many friends in New Jersey, has a Facebook account. In this picture from the account, he looks to be the same person as pictured above.



Other photos on his site include Ilya riding a bus, standing in front of Applebee's Time Square in New York. Ilya attended Volgograd State Technical University, class of 2005, where he majored in "Motor Transport."



Wanted: Dmitry Saprunov




Known Aliases: Lean Marc Garrot, Bazil Kozloff, Milorad Petrovic

Status: Entered the United States on May 19, 2009 on a visa.

A cooperating subject says that Saprunov lives as roommates with fellow co-conspirator Nikolai "Robert" Garifulin in an apartment in Brooklyn, New York. Subject says they recently accessed a safety deposit box, probably at Wachovia Bank. Gariflun recently traveled to Russia to "pay the hackers" carrying $150,000 cash concealed in his luggage.

Actions:

June 4, 2010 - Saprunov opens a TD Bank account in Manhattan using a foreign passport in the name of "Bazil Kozloff".

June 7, 2010 - Saprunov uses the Kozloff identity to open a Bank of America account in Bronx, New York.

June 11, 2010 - Saprunov opens a TD Bank account in Brooklyn using a passport from Belgium in the name of "Lean Marc Garrot".

June 12, 2010 - Saprunov opens a BOA account in Long Island, New York using the Garrot identity.

June 29, 2010 - $14,000 is wired to the Kozloff BOA account.

July 6, 2010 - just under $14000 is wired to the Garrot BOA Account.

July 6, 2010 - "Garrot" withdraws $13,9450 in four transactions from a teller and three ATM machines in Bradley Beach, New Jersey

Open Source Intelligence:

Facebook Profile:


(from the Facebook album "AVE" (Possibly Avenue New York Club?) by Sergey Palychev.
Also pictured: Alejandro Martinez, Elizaveta Osadchikh, Anastasia Yudintseva, Natalya Vassilyeva



(Interesting note: Ildar Mukhamedov is a friend of both Saprunov and Karasev on facebook, and they are friends of each others.)

Watcha Got?



More will be added as time allows. If you have something you'd like to share, send it in!

Go Go, Maltego!!


Wanted: Lilian Adam



Known Aliases:

Wanted: Marina Oprea



Known Aliases:

Wanted: Kristina Izvekova



Known Aliases:

Wanted: Sofya Dikova



Known Aliases:


Wanted: Artem Tsygankov



Known Aliases:

Wanted: Catalina Cortac



Known Aliases:

Wanted: Ion Volosciuc



Known Aliases:




Testimony from State Department DSS Agent



Wanted: Artem Semenov



Known Aliases: Valentin Kulakov, Alexey Michinnik, Arvind Shah, Fred Teschemacher, Tokin Waaran, David Warren

Entered the country June 1, 2009 on a J1 Visa, stating that he was a full-time student at Kazan State University of Technology.

Arrested December 17, 2009 by NYPD at a Manhattan branch of Bank of America, trying to open an account in the name of Nicholas Congleton. Arraigned on December 18th. Failed to appear in court on February 22, 2010.

On January 15, 2010, Customs agents intercepted a package from the Republic of Moldova destined for Artem shipping new passports to him. The passports were from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and were issued in the names of Petar Stojanovic and Victor Rajkov.

A collaborating witness testified that Artem recruited Almira and Julia (below) to work for him. The CW says that the two were provided with tickets to fly from New York City to Las Vegas on August 25, 2010.


Wanted: Almira Rakhmatulina



Known Aliases: Natalia Davidova, Irina Sergeeva

On June 6, 2010 Almira entered the country traveling on a J1 Student Visa stating that she was a full-time student at Omsk State University.

On July 16, 2010, Almira opened a TD Bank account in the name of Natalia Davidova using a Greek passport in that name. On July 17th, the same passport was used to open a Wachovia Bank account in New York City.

On July 20, 2010, Almira opened a TD Bank account in the name of Irina Sergeeva, using the same Brooklyn street address that she used with the Natalia Davidova account. A Greek passport for the Sergeeva alias was used as proof of identity.

A balance check of that account was made using an ATM in Las Vegas, Nevada on September 17, 2010.


Wanted: Julia Shpirko



Known Aliases: Ekaterina Kaloeva, Ekaterina Smirnova


On June 6, 2010, Shpirko entered the country traveling on a J1 Student Visa stating that she was a full-time student at Omsk State University.

On or about July 20, 2010, Shpirko opened a TD Bank account was opened in Manhattan in the name of Ekaterina Smirnova.




Wanted: Yulia Klepikova



Known Aliases:

Wanted: Maxim Panferov



Known Aliases:

Wanted: Nikolai Garafulin



Known Aliases:

Wanted: Dorin Codreanu



Known Aliases: Savvas Paian

On April 21, 2010, Dorin opened a Chase account using a Greek passport in the name Savvas Paian.

On May 11, 2010, the Chase-Paian account received $10,246 from a victim in Illionois.

On May 18, 2010, Dorin opened a TD Bank account using the same identity, but making it a business account in the name "Savvas Import Group LLC".

Open Source Intelligence:

Savvas Import Group, LLC is a "fruit and vegetable" importer, using the address "1612 Kings Highway Apartment 48, Brooklyn, NY 11229-1210", according to Manta.com.
Manta puts their phone number as 347.530.9785 begin_of_the_skype_highlighting              347.530.9785      end_of_the_skype_highlighting

That phone number also belongs to "Brooklyn Fruit Vegetable Growers Shippers" and "Neptune Fruit Vegetable Growers Shippers" which both have the same street address as well.



On June 3, 2010, the

Wanted: Stanislav Rastorguev



Known Aliases:
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Wednesday, 29 September 2010

MiniPost: UK Zeus Criminals Identified

Posted on 22:31 by Unknown
Eleven of those arrested for committing financial cybercrimes using Zeus malware in the UK have now been formally charged and named, according to a story in this morning's Guardian from which I quote:

Eight people have been charged with conspiracy to defraud and money laundering. They are Ukrainian Yuriy Korovalenko, 28, from Chingford, Essex; Ukrainian Yevhen Kulibaba, 32, from Chingford; Latvian Karina Kostromina, 33, from Chingford; Estonian Aleksander Kusner, 27, from Romford, Essex; Ukrainian Roman Zenyk, 29, of Romford; Belorussian Eduard Babaryka, 26, from Romford; Latvian Ivars Poikans, 29, from Harlow, Essex; and Latvian Kaspars Cliematnieks, 24, from Harlow.

Two have been charged with conspiracy to defraud: Ukrainians Milka Valerij, 29, and Iryna Prakochyk, 23, from Chingford.

Georgian Zurab Revazishvili, 34, from Romford, is charged with offences under the Identity Cards Act 2005.
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Major Zeus Bust in the UK: Nineteen Zbot Thieves Arrested

Posted on 03:42 by Unknown
The Metropolitan Police are to be congratulated this morning on the largest Zeus arrest to date. News broke on September 28th that the Met's PCeU Police Central e-crime Unit had arrested nineteen criminals in relation to a large Zeus or Zbot trojan network.

The Daily Mail has a set of great pictures of the criminals being taken into custody from their homes in their story, Hi-tech crime police quiz 19 people over internet bank scam that netted hackers up to £20m from British accounts. Police raided the homes simultaneously in the pre-dawn hours on Tuesday. These two pictures are part of five you can find there:





In case you don't travel much, £20 million pounds is a lot of money. That's roughly $31 Million USD. The criminals were stealing "about two million pounds per month". For comparison, the FBI released second quarter bank theft numbers last week. From April 1 to June 31 there were 1135 bank robberies and eleven bank burglaries in the United States, which earned criminals only $8 million USD or £5 million pounds.

In otherwords, this one Zeus gang stole more money in three months than ALL TRADITIONAL BANK ROBBERIES in the United States during the same length of time.

Although many folks haven't heard of the PCeU, their Mission Statement is
To improve the police response to victims of e-crime by developing the capability of the Police Service across England, Wales and Northern Ireland, co-ordinating the law enforcement approach to all types of e-crime, and by providing a national investigative capability for the most serious e-crime incidents.


15 men and 4 women were arrested, ranging in age from 23 to 47 years old. Detective Chief Inspector Terry Wilson of the Metropolitan Police credits the arrest to a Virtual Task Force composed of law enforcement, computer experts, and bank security personnel who worked together to track the movements of the criminals. Sounds a lot like the InfraGard model to me -- a private public partnership anchored on the FBI where computer security experts and personnel working in Critical Infrastructures, such as the Financial Industry, share information to stop criminals and terrorists.

Despite their financial success, the Daily Mail reports that the ringleader, "in his 20s, and his wife, an accomplice in the scam, were arrested in an unremarkable third-floor flat in Chingford, Essex.

Despite this raid, there are still at least 162 "online" Zeus servers that continue to gather stolen credentials from compromised computers, according to the invaluable ZeusTracker service.

We've documented dozens of stories in this blog about Zeus over the past year, and are excited to see this most significant law enforcement action to date.

The clock is ticking . . . who is going to have the best arrest before we all meet up in three weeks?
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Thursday, 23 September 2010

eBay Spear Phisher Liviu Mihail Concioiu Arrested in Romania

Posted on 13:14 by Unknown

IMPORTANT UPDATE


Readers of my blog will know that I have several contacts that I discuss things with in Romania. I have had further conversations with sources closely placed to this investigation that tell me the Romanian DIICOT Press Release has one rather glaring error. Press Releases are written by a media relations person, not technical people. The best explanation I can see is that a technical person explains to the media person "the criminal did a phishing attack against 1784 people and then 1521 people and he used that data to break into eBay's computers." The media person interpreted this as "stole the userids and password from 3300 people" when in reality the technical person meant "sent a phishing email to 3300 people, and got some of their passwords."

How many is some? We now believe it is SIX. Of 3300 people sent a phishing email that imitated a VPN system at eBay used by employees, we don't know how many gave up their passwords, but the criminal only tried to use six of them. The VPN site he was imitating was protected with a two-factor authentication solution, so any passwords gathered had to be used immediately, due to the rotating "secureId" style token.

I apologize for spreading false information, but the source, the Romanian DIICOT website, seemed credible to me. It was not.

Word for word, the Romanian press release reads: "CONCIOIU LIVIU MIHAIL a lansat două atacuri tip phishing asupra unui număr de 1784 de angajaţi şi respectiv 1521 de angajaţi ai companiei eBay.Inc., cărora le-a sustras ID-ul şi parola." which I believe I correctly translated.

The other error in the press release is that Concioiu is being charged with stealing $3 Million, which includes many assorted phishing and cybercrime schemes, only a portion of which was from eBay customers.

Corrected story follows



Prosecutors in the Romanian DIICOT (Direcţiei de Investigare a Infracţiunilor de Criminalitate Organizată şi Terorism or Directorate of Investigations of Organized Crime and Terrorism) announced the arrest of Liviu Mihail Concioiu a cyber criminal who stole more than $3 million USD from eBay account holders, customers of Italian banks, and unknown others.

I wanted to use that example today to illustrate a point that I raised in my presentation earlier this week as a guest of the Maryland InfraGard chapter. My presentation, called "Cybercrime: Money, Espionage or Both?" was targeted to an audience of approximately 125 composed primarily of Defense Contractors, Law Enforcement, Critical Infrastructure security personnel and other government employees and suppliers. As an InfraGard member myself, in the Birmingham InfraGard chapter it was great to spend time with one of the nation's top InfraGard coordinators, FBI Special Agent Lauren Schuler, and the outstanding leadership of their chapter including Paul Joyal, Allan Berg, and the energetic M L Kingsley who had coordinated the event.

In my presentation, I stressed two primary points. The first is that EVERY malware attack has to be fully investigated. If you don't know the origin, purpose, and targeting of a malware attack, you have no way of understanding the full impact of the malware on your organization. The second point was that it is critical that your organization has policies that help you understand when your employees have been victims of identity theft or password- or document-stealing malware -- even if it happened at home on their home computers!

The case of Liviu Concioiu drives these points home.

In 2009, Concioiu launched two phishing attacks which were only sent to eBay employees. In the first round, he sent a phishing email to 1,784 employees and in the second round, he tried again, sending an email to 1,521 more employees.

Let's stop there for a moment.

Do you recall the "Here You Have" malware last week? In my blogpost about that event Here You Have Spam Spreads Email Worm) I stressed that it was clear that the malware had been targeted against certain organizations. Did you have an outbreak in your company? Are you aware that one of the actions of the malware was to plant a very low detection version of the BiFrost "Remote Adminstration Trojan" on the infected computers? If the only action your organization took was to remove the "Here You Have" malware, they aren't finished yet. Its important to understand whether you were a target or collateral damage for the attacker, and of course its important to understand during what infection window the BiFrost trojan was also being installed.

OK, now back to Liviu Mihail Concioiu.

After collecting some eBay credentials, Concioiu realized he was defeated by the two factor authentication and came back on June 8, 2009 and attempted to phish 417 different employee identities, to explore the eBay internal network and see what useful information he could find. This time he was prepared to immediately use the credentials he harvested, and tried at least six different accounts before finding some success. His biggest find was a tool that eBay employees use to query their internal databases and look up information about eBay clients and the transactions they perform.

By reviewing the details of eBay customer accounts, Concioiu was now able to begin his SECOND TARGETED ATTACK. One of the problems with phishing campaigns is that when criminals broadly spread spam messages advertising their fake login pages, the anti-spam services and ISPs observe these spam messages and place the advertised pages on blacklists. Concioiu was able to avoid this typical phishing trap by selectively targeting his phishing emails at high value eBay customers whose email addresses he had confirmed by harvesting them from eBay's internal systems!

The result was that 1,183 eBay users were victimized!

In addition to the eBay charges, Concioiu is also charged with creating fake ATM cards for Italian banks and withdrawing more than 300,000 Euros from these accounts, and other crimes which created a total loss of $3 Million USD.

Concioiu was one of three cyber criminals arrested today by DIICOT. The case was investigated with the cooperation of the US Secret Service agents in the US Embassy in Bucharest and Italian judicial authorities.

Hopefully this example will help push home the lessons I was trying to demonstrate in Maryland this week. I have to mention one other thing about the Maryland trip. Last year I had read an auto-biography of General Oleg Kalugin, the top counter-intelligence officer of the KGB. He was the first presenter at the Maryland event, and I got to have dinner with General Kalugin the evening before. He spoke about his experiences recruiting Americans and then I attempted to show how Cyber tools make those efforts even easier today in my follow-up presentation.

General Kalugin was kind enough to autograph one of his new books, Spymaster: My Thirty-two Years in Intelligence and Espionage Against the West, which is now one of my prized possessions! Kalugin was at one point Vladmir Putin's boss in the KGB, but later became one of the most out-spoken critics of the Soviet system and especially the KGB.

Kalugin read a part from a poem about "the new Russia" as his closing statement:

There are no departments in Russia, there are friends. There are no laws, there are personal relationships. Moreover, there is no KGB. … KGB was an organization. There are no organizations in Russia now. There are principalities and feudal lands handed out in exchange for loyal service and profitability. It was not Putin who set up the system, but he did nothing to change it. He is just handing out feudal lands to his friends in order to be able to control other feudal principalities.


Profound.

(I'm not sure of the origin, but I found the quote online here: http://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/7102a.cfm )
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Wednesday, 22 September 2010

NPR CyberWar Part One: I Beg to Differ

Posted on 20:46 by Unknown
This morning on National Public Radio, we heard a story about "CyberWar" and some of the problems that the growing reality of CyberWar is going to present.

I'll have to review the transcript more carefully, but from the first pass listen as I drove to work this morning, I believe I disagreed with every single point in the entire story. I'll try to break that down a bit here, using the story from the NPR website, Extending the Law of War to Cyberspace as my guide.

(All of the "Declarations" that I am responding to are quoted from that guiding article.)

Most Important Development in Decades?


Declaration: "The emergence of electronic and cyberwar-fighting capabilities is the most important military development in decades"

Response: Actually, if we're counting "decades", my top nominations would be the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle and the GPS-guided munitions such as the JDAM: Joint Direct Attack Munition.

CNN's headline last year was one I agree with How robot drones revolutionized the face of warfare as was more fully explained in P.W. Sanger's Wired for War: The Robotics Revolution and Conflict in the 21st Century.

The biggest benefit of the UAV's is of course that they protect our soldiers from harm, while allowing missions that would never have been completed before or that could only have been completed with extreme risk to life and limb.

Likewise, Strategy Page's article How Precision Weapons Revolutionized Warfare gives a good outline on the revolution of extremely precise weapons, packed with the right size explosive to blow up exactly what you are shooting at.

When is CyberWar Equal to Armed Attack?


Declaration: "If nations don't know what the rules are, all sorts of accidental problems might arise," says Harvard law professor Jack Goldsmith. "One nation might do something that another nation takes to be an act of war, even when the first nation did not intend it to be an act of war."

Response: There is no agreed upon definition of "Use of Force" between nations even for non-cyber incidents. This came out in the answer to a question that was put to General Keith Alexander, now the commander of the US Cyber Command from his NSA post at Fort Meade, Maryland, during his confirmation hearings. The question he was asked was:

Does DOD have a definition for what constitutes use of force in cyberspace, and will that definition be the same for U.S. activities in cyberspace and those of other nations?

His answer:

Article 2(4) of the UN Charter provides that states shall refrain from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state. DOD operations are conducted consistent with international law principles in regard to what is a threat or use of force in terms of hostile intent and hostile act, as reflected in the Standing Rules of Engagement/Standing Rules for the Use of Force (SROE/SRUF).

There is no international consensus on a precise definition of a use of force, in or out of cyberspace. Consequently, individual nations may assert different definitions, and may apply different thresholds for what constitutes a use of force. Thus, whether in the cyber or any other domain, there is always a potential disagreement among nations considering what may amount to a threat or use of force.


My point is not so much to disagree with the NPR statement here, as to point out that it is EXACTLY the same problem we have in every other kind of warfare. Cyber isn't special in this regard. Was the downing of an Chinese plane in a collision with a US spy plane an act of war in 2001? Was the North Korean torpedo attack back in May an act of war? Was the Israeli bombing of buildings in Gaza an act of war? It has always been true that each attacked country gets to decide.

More answers along this line of reasoning from General Alexander are available in his published Q&A available from Washington Post.

Rogue Actions vs. State-Sponsored


Declaration: "One important consideration is whether the attack is the work of a lone hacker, a criminal group or a government. The law of war applies primarily to conflict between states, so truly rogue actions would not normally be covered."

Response: What defines "state" action? There have been Congressional hearings on this very subject, as I discussed in my July 2010 blog post, The Future of Cyber Attack Attribution. There have also already been multiple occasions where the victim accused a state of attacking and the state denied the accusation. In the case of Russian cyber-attacks against Georgia prior to the August 2008 invasion of South Ossetia, it was clear that there were some populist activities, as I wrote in the article Evidence that Georgia DDOS Attacks Are Populist in Nature, but the coupling of the Russian tanks driving through town would seem to support the theory that at least some of the cyber attacks were designed to take out C2 ability and especially the ability of the state to communicate with the governed. In the Estonian DDOS (pdf) of May 2007, it was clear that the attack was not "by" the government, but rather by the Russian "Nashi" youth movement, possibly incited to action by the government, and possibly even using some government computers as part of the attacking DDOS.

The concept that individuals could wage cyberwar was nicely stated in the January 1999 report by mi2g: "Cyber Warfare: The Threat to Government, Business, and Financial Markets"

Historically war has been classified as physical attacks with bombs & bullets between nation states. It was beyond the means of an individual to wage war.

Today, in the Information Age, the launch pad for war is no longer a runway but a computer. The attacker is no longer a pilot or soldier but a civilian Hacker. An individual with relatively simple computer capability can do things via the internet that can impact economic infrastructures, social utilities and national security. This is the problem we face in moving from the industrial world to the Information Age, which is the essence of Cyber War.


I suppose I mostly agree with this point, except to say that there are many ways, such as the Estonia example, where a country may be so clearly involved in inciting their citizenry to "cyber attack" that a nation-level response may be warranted.


Civilian Infrastructure Attacks


Declaration: "A direct attack on a civilian infrastructure that caused damage, even loss of life of civilians, would, I think, be a war crime." - Professor Daniel Ryan, National Defense University

Response: Didn't the United States blow up electrical plants, television and radio stations, bridges, roads, runways, and water treatment plants during the two Iraq Wars? Were those war crimes, too? Professor Ryan? We have to use a consistent definition. If its not a war crime to attack civilian infrastructure kinetically, why is it a war crime to do so electronically?

Electrical Grid Targeting?


Declaration: "Former CIA Director Hayden, a retired Air Force general, suggests using common sense. One example of an attack that should be illegal, he says, would be the insertion of damaging software into an electrical grid."

Response: Why would it be illegal to damage the electrical grid with software, when elsewhere THIS YEAR General Hayden said that the electrical grid was a fair target? Hayden talked about hacking power grids at Black Hat back in July. CNET's coverage of that talk "U.S. military cyberwar: What's off-limits?" includes this thinking:

Power grids are another example of where traditional military doctrine may need to shift, Hayden said. "A power grid is, according to traditional military thought, a legitimate target under some circumstances," he said. "Mark 82s are kind of definitive and it's a one-way switch--that thing's kind of gone." (An MK-82 is a general-purpose, 500-pound unguided bomb used by the U.S. military since the 1950s.)

But destroying, or at least thoroughly disabling, a power grid through an offensive cyberattack means penetrating it well in advance. And if there are dozens of different nations stealthily invading a grid's computers and controllers all the time, it's probably not going to be stable. "There are some networks that are so sensitive that maybe we should just hold hands and hum "Kumbaya" and agree they're off limits," he said. "One is power grids...You can't just have 23 different intelligence services hacking their way through the electrical grid."


So, its ok to use an MK-82 to blow up power plants, but it should be illegal to insert software into them because that might damage them. What kind of messed up logic is that?


Hostile Intent


Declaration: The purpose of the activity is also relevant. Michael Hayden, having directed both the National Security Agency and the CIA, would not include an effort by one country to break into another country's computer system to steal information or plans. "We don't call that an attack," Hayden said at a recent conference on hacking. "We don't call that cyberwar. That's exploitation. That's espionage. States do that all the time."

Response: Hayden's definition would, I suppose, be consistent with Richard Clark's definition in his new book CyberWar: The Next Threat to National Security and What to Do About It . He says CyberWar is "actions by a nation-state to penetrate another nation's computers or networks for the purposes of causing damage or disruption."

Several organizations have attempted to define "CyberWar" and the definition continues to evolve. "CyberWar" was probably first used by Eric Arnett in his paper "Welcome to Hyperwar" in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, where it referred to war by robotic soldiers. The terms "NetWar" and "CyberWar" were both defined by RAND in their report CyberWar is Coming! part of the larger nineteen chapter monograph, "In Athena's Camp: Preparing for Conflict in the Information Age", published in 1992, where the term "NetWar" was used to describe PsyOps via the Internet, while "CyberWar" was closer to its current definition.

But should CyberWar NOT include Espionage?

Much more recently, David Wilson's excellent article for ISSA Journal in June 2010, When Does Electronic Espionage or a Cyber Attack become an "Act of War?" lays out an excellent set of definitions and conditions. In his article he quotes FBI Deputy Assistant Director for Cyber, Steve Chabinsky as telling the FOSE government IT Trade Show in March that:

A top FBI official warned today that many cyber-adversaries of the U.S. have the ability to access virtually any computer system, posing a risk that's so great it could "challenge our country's very existence."


Wilson's argument, supported by Chabinsky's quote, is that "electronic espionage" can be far more pervasive than traditional espionage, and that "a nation will have to decide how much pain it is willing to endure, and where it believes the international community’s tolerance lies, assuming they care, before retaliating
against electronic attacks or invasions to its networks."

I totally agree with Mr. Wilson. The placement of the line in the sand may be somewhat arbitrary, but its quite possible for cyber espionage to become so pervasive as to pose a risk to national security worthy of an armed response.

Ninety-Five Percent?


Declaration: "Computers don't always have signs over them that say, 'I'm a military target' [or] 'I'm a civilian target,' " says Harvard's Goldsmith. "Also, the two things are intermixed. Ninety to 95 percent of U.S. military and intelligence communications travel over private networks."

Response: The Department of Defense has more than 7 million computers. I don't know how Army works, but I know the Navy Marine Corps Internet was at one time the largest private Intranet on the entire planet. The US Army has maintained a stand-alone Intranet since at least 2001, and has repeatedly had headlines about it being the largest stand-alone network in the world. Soldiers don't call down an airstrike and then update their Facebook pages and do a little online banking as the implication seems to infer.

No One is Going to Get Caught



Declaration: If anything, it would be harder to enforce the law of war in the cyberworld than in other domains of warfighting. The amount of anonymity in cyberspace means that a devastating attack might leave no "signature" or trace of its origin.

"Since we know that that's going to happen all the time," Baker says, "and no one is going to get caught, to say that [a cyberattack] is a violation of the law of war, is simply to make the law of war irrelevant."

Response: The "untraceable" network attack, despite the movie by EJ Hilbert and friends, is a myth that we are working hard to dispel at the UAB Computer Forensics Research Laboratory. What we call "untraceable" today usually means "too much work for too little reward, so nobody bothers to trace it." I think many of my colleagues in security research would love to take on the challenge of some of these "untraceable" events. Let's buy one fewer B2 Bomber this year and put that extra $2.2 Billion towards making a concerted effort to prove this one wrong. Shoot. I'll do it for half that!



For more interesting reading on CyberWar, I strongly recommend:

Congressional Research Service Report: Information Operations and Cyberwar: Capabilities and Related Policy Issues
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